大规模的机器学习系统通常涉及分布在用户集合中的数据。联合学习算法通过将模型更新传达给中央服务器而不是整个数据集来利用此结构。在本文中，我们研究了一个个性化联合学习设置的随机优化算法，涉及符合用户级别（联合）差异隐私的本地和全球模型。在学习私人全球模型的同时，促进了隐私成本，但本地学习是完全私人的。我们提供概括保证，表明与私人集中学习协调本地学习可以产生一种普遍有用和改进的精度和隐私之间的权衡。我们通过有关合成和现实世界数据集的实验来说明我们的理论结果。

我们研究了马尔可夫潜在游戏（MPG）中多机构增强学习（RL）问题的策略梯度方法的全球非反应收敛属性。要学习MPG的NASH平衡，在该MPG中，状态空间的大小和/或玩家数量可能非常大，我们建议使用TANDEM所有玩家运行的新的独立政策梯度算法。当梯度评估中没有不确定性时，我们表明我们的算法找到了$ \ epsilon $ -NASH平衡，$ o（1/\ epsilon^2）$迭代复杂性并不明确取决于状态空间大小。如果没有确切的梯度，我们建立$ O（1/\ epsilon^5）$样品复杂度在潜在的无限大型状态空间中，用于利用函数近似的基于样本的算法。此外，我们确定了一类独立的政策梯度算法，这些算法都可以融合零和马尔可夫游戏和马尔可夫合作游戏，并与玩家不喜欢玩的游戏类型。最后，我们提供了计算实验来证实理论发展的优点和有效性。

由于信息不对称，多智能经纪增强学习（Marl）问题是挑战。为了克服这一挑战，现有方法通常需要代理商之间的高度协调或沟通。我们考虑具有在应用中产生的分层信息结构的两个代理多武装匪徒（MAB）和MARKOV决策过程（MDP），我们利用不需要协调或通信的更简单和更高效的算法。在结构中，在每个步骤中，“领导者”首先选择她的行动，然后“追随者”在观察领导者的行动后，“追随者”决定他的行动。这两个代理观察了相同的奖励（以及MDP设置中的相同状态转换），这取决于其联合行动。对于强盗设置，我们提出了一种分层匪盗算法，实现了$ \ widetilde {\ mathcal {o}}（\ sqrt {abt}）$和近最佳差距依赖的近乎最佳的差距遗憾$ \ mathcal {o}（\ log（t））$，其中$ a $和$ b $分别是领导者和追随者的行动数，$ t $是步数。我们进一步延伸到多个追随者的情况，并且具有深层层次结构的情况，在那里我们都获得了近乎最佳的遗憾范围。对于MDP设置，我们获得$ \ widetilde {\ mathcal {o}}（\ sqrt {h ^ 7s ^ 2abt}）$后悔，其中$ h $是每集的步骤数，$ s $是数量各国，$ T $是剧集的数量。这与$ a，b $和$ t $的现有下限匹配。

我们解决了经典专家问题的长期“不可能的调整”问题，并表明，实际上可能实现后悔$ o \ lex（\ sqrt {（\ ln d）\ sum_t \ ell_ {t，i} ^ 2} \ \右）同时为所有专家$ i $ t-$-t-$ -round $ d $ -expert问题在哪里$ \ ell_ {t，i} $是专家$ i $的损失$ t $ 。我们的算法基于镜像血迹框架，具有校正项和加权熵规范器。虽然自然，但之前尚未研究该算法，并且需要仔细分析。对于任何预测向量$ M_T，我们还概括了refton to $ o reft（\ sqrt {（\ ln d）\ sum_t（\ ell_ {t，i}）^ 2} \右）$ $ Cylayer通过选择不同的$ M_T $来收到学习者，并恢复或改善许多现有结果。此外，我们使用相同的框架来创建一个组合一组基础算法的主算法，并学习最好的一个开销。我们的主人的新保证使我们能够为专家问题提供许多新的结果，并且更广泛的在线线性优化。

Masked image modeling (MIM) performs strongly in pre-training large vision Transformers (ViTs). However, small models that are critical for real-world applications cannot or only marginally benefit from this pre-training approach. In this paper, we explore distillation techniques to transfer the success of large MIM-based pre-trained models to smaller ones. We systematically study different options in the distillation framework, including distilling targets, losses, input, network regularization, sequential distillation, etc, revealing that: 1) Distilling token relations is more effective than CLS token- and feature-based distillation; 2) An intermediate layer of the teacher network as target perform better than that using the last layer when the depth of the student mismatches that of the teacher; 3) Weak regularization is preferred; etc. With these findings, we achieve significant fine-tuning accuracy improvements over the scratch MIM pre-training on ImageNet-1K classification, using all the ViT-Tiny, ViT-Small, and ViT-base models, with +4.2%/+2.4%/+1.4% gains, respectively. Our TinyMIM model of base size achieves 52.2 mIoU in AE20K semantic segmentation, which is +4.1 higher than the MAE baseline. Our TinyMIM model of tiny size achieves 79.6% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet-1K image classification, which sets a new record for small vision models of the same size and computation budget. This strong performance suggests an alternative way for developing small vision Transformer models, that is, by exploring better training methods rather than introducing inductive biases into architectures as in most previous works. Code is available at https://github.com/OliverRensu/TinyMIM.

Given the increasingly intricate forms of partial differential equations (PDEs) in physics and related fields, computationally solving PDEs without analytic solutions inevitably suffers from the trade-off between accuracy and efficiency. Recent advances in neural operators, a kind of mesh-independent neural-network-based PDE solvers, have suggested the dawn of overcoming this challenge. In this emerging direction, Koopman neural operator (KNO) is a representative demonstration and outperforms other state-of-the-art alternatives in terms of accuracy and efficiency. Here we present KoopmanLab, a self-contained and user-friendly PyTorch module of the Koopman neural operator family for solving partial differential equations. Beyond the original version of KNO, we develop multiple new variants of KNO based on different neural network architectures to improve the general applicability of our module. These variants are validated by mesh-independent and long-term prediction experiments implemented on representative PDEs (e.g., the Navier-Stokes equation and the Bateman-Burgers equation) and ERA5 (i.e., one of the largest high-resolution data sets of global-scale climate fields). These demonstrations suggest the potential of KoopmanLab to be considered in diverse applications of partial differential equations.

In this chapter, we review and discuss the transformation of AI technology in HCI/UX work and assess how AI technology will change how we do the work. We first discuss how AI can be used to enhance the result of user research and design evaluation. We then discuss how AI technology can be used to enhance HCI/UX design. Finally, we discuss how AI-enabled capabilities can improve UX when users interact with computing systems, applications, and services.

Adversarial robustness assessment for video recognition models has raised concerns owing to their wide applications on safety-critical tasks. Compared with images, videos have much high dimension, which brings huge computational costs when generating adversarial videos. This is especially serious for the query-based black-box attacks where gradient estimation for the threat models is usually utilized, and high dimensions will lead to a large number of queries. To mitigate this issue, we propose to simultaneously eliminate the temporal and spatial redundancy within the video to achieve an effective and efficient gradient estimation on the reduced searching space, and thus query number could decrease. To implement this idea, we design the novel Adversarial spatial-temporal Focus (AstFocus) attack on videos, which performs attacks on the simultaneously focused key frames and key regions from the inter-frames and intra-frames in the video. AstFocus attack is based on the cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) framework. One agent is responsible for selecting key frames, and another agent is responsible for selecting key regions. These two agents are jointly trained by the common rewards received from the black-box threat models to perform a cooperative prediction. By continuously querying, the reduced searching space composed of key frames and key regions is becoming precise, and the whole query number becomes less than that on the original video. Extensive experiments on four mainstream video recognition models and three widely used action recognition datasets demonstrate that the proposed AstFocus attack outperforms the SOTA methods, which is prevenient in fooling rate, query number, time, and perturbation magnitude at the same.

Reading comprehension of legal text can be a particularly challenging task due to the length and complexity of legal clauses and a shortage of expert-annotated datasets. To address this challenge, we introduce the Merger Agreement Understanding Dataset (MAUD), an expert-annotated reading comprehension dataset based on the American Bar Association's 2021 Public Target Deal Points Study, with over 39,000 examples and over 47,000 total annotations. Our fine-tuned Transformer baselines show promising results, with models performing well above random on most questions. However, on a large subset of questions, there is still room for significant improvement. As the only expert-annotated merger agreement dataset, MAUD is valuable as a benchmark for both the legal profession and the NLP community.

Rankings are widely collected in various real-life scenarios, leading to the leakage of personal information such as users' preferences on videos or news. To protect rankings, existing works mainly develop privacy protection on a single ranking within a set of ranking or pairwise comparisons of a ranking under the $\epsilon$-differential privacy. This paper proposes a novel notion called $\epsilon$-ranking differential privacy for protecting ranks. We establish the connection between the Mallows model (Mallows, 1957) and the proposed $\epsilon$-ranking differential privacy. This allows us to develop a multistage ranking algorithm to generate synthetic rankings while satisfying the developed $\epsilon$-ranking differential privacy. Theoretical results regarding the utility of synthetic rankings in the downstream tasks, including the inference attack and the personalized ranking tasks, are established. For the inference attack, we quantify how $\epsilon$ affects the estimation of the true ranking based on synthetic rankings. For the personalized ranking task, we consider varying privacy preferences among users and quantify how their privacy preferences affect the consistency in estimating the optimal ranking function. Extensive numerical experiments are carried out to verify the theoretical results and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed synthetic ranking algorithm.